UPSC Mains Question & Answer GS1

Q. "The emergence of new social classes in British India was the direct consequence of the establishment of new social economy, new state system, administrative machinery and Western education."Discuss.(IAS-Mains 2008, 150 words)

Ans. Industrialisation of Indian economy during British period produced a class of industrial workers. Mines, farmhouses (bagans), railways and other industries created jobs for unemployed youths of India. The maximum portion of these workers were landless cultivators or small farmers who had lost their lands due to its high rent. The economic policies of the British in India completely destroyed India's traditional fabric, and the country turned into a colonial economy serving - nation. These unemployed men came to cities and became industrial workers. They were severely exploitated by their owners in the cities. Poor living standard and exploitation was responsible for generating sympathy among themselves. They were politically awakened by social workers. They were also influenced

by the Russian revolution in 1917.

English became the medium of education in 1935.Lord Macaulay was responsible for introducing English as a medium of education. English education created a new class of clerks that was the main goal of Macaulay for introducing English in India. British were against considering higher posts to Indians. Thus, new social classes emerged during the British rule.